WEBVTT 00:16.806 --> 00:22.787 If I'm a young player coming into the league today, I would really focus on the defensive end of the floor and look at Scottie Pippen. 00:22.907 --> 00:24.248 I mean, this guy was a genius. 00:24.568 --> 00:34.990 His ball pressure, playing passing lanes, blocking shots, taking charges, and he played with a passion on the defensive end of the floor like, no, this is the most exciting part of the game to me. 00:35.010 --> 00:40.051 All right, so here again, Scottie's initiating the action. 00:40.891 --> 00:43.112 He's making Mark work to bring the ball up the floor. 00:43.252 --> 00:44.052 Okay, that's one. 00:44.895 --> 00:48.916 Now, where he's pushing him, he's pushing him into situations where Mark can't really attack. 00:49.516 --> 00:52.717 Right here, you got Michael sitting here waiting, right? 00:54.058 --> 00:55.198 That area's clogged up. 00:55.498 --> 00:56.499 There's nowhere for him to go. 00:56.779 --> 01:01.360 Scotty's fully aware of that, so he knows he can put a lot of pressure on him in these areas, because there's nowhere for him to drive. 01:01.700 --> 01:03.701 So now, where is Mark looking, right? 01:03.721 --> 01:05.641 He's looking for these curl actions here. 01:05.661 --> 01:10.923 Yeah, he couldn't run the play, right? 01:11.043 --> 01:12.243 Scotty took the play away from him. 01:12.644 --> 01:13.704 Here, he cuts the angle off. 01:14.639 --> 01:16.180 Now Mark says, okay, I gotta attack him. 01:16.220 --> 01:17.800 He's bodying up on me, I'm gonna attack him. 01:18.561 --> 01:19.461 Mark attacks him here. 01:19.481 --> 01:25.124 But now Scotty, you know, sensing that Mark wants to feel the contact, right? 01:25.144 --> 01:27.305 Cause Scotty's been bodying him this whole time. 01:27.365 --> 01:29.866 So now Mark seeks the contact and Scotty just backs up. 01:31.487 --> 01:32.387 Scotty just backs up. 01:32.627 --> 01:34.328 I mean, that's just brilliant defense. 01:35.691 --> 01:36.892 I mean, think about that for a second. 01:36.912 --> 01:39.233 I mean, he's bodying Mark the whole game. 01:39.333 --> 01:40.634 Body him, body him, body him. 01:40.674 --> 01:46.158 Now Mark's looking for Scotty's body and Scotty just moves back and lets Mark lose his balance. 01:48.840 --> 01:50.321 That's a game of cat and mouse right there. 01:56.705 --> 01:59.587 Okay, again, you know, Scotty's making the reads. 01:59.627 --> 02:00.568 He knows this action. 02:02.268 --> 02:02.748 He knows it. 02:02.948 --> 02:03.448 Here it is. 02:03.569 --> 02:04.869 He knows the ball comes back there. 02:04.909 --> 02:07.970 He knows they're looking for Starks coming off of a double screen on the weak side. 02:08.510 --> 02:10.671 So he tries to get his hand in that passing lane. 02:10.711 --> 02:11.311 He misses it. 02:12.052 --> 02:17.874 But this shows me that he is keenly aware of the actions that are taking place out here on the floor, which means he prepares. 02:18.934 --> 02:22.455 So if I'm this draft pick coming into the league, I know I got to do my homework. 02:22.495 --> 02:24.456 Homework could give you all the answers, right? 02:27.017 --> 02:28.178 Scotty knows what's coming there. 02:29.218 --> 02:31.859 Right now, this is unbelievable. 02:32.995 --> 02:34.357 Look at all the ground this guy covers. 02:35.678 --> 02:38.201 Here, down, there. 02:41.525 --> 02:42.686 This is the activity. 02:43.587 --> 02:45.109 He plays defense with an energy. 02:45.710 --> 02:48.232 Too many players today play defense just to play defense. 02:48.273 --> 02:49.734 He's attacking these offensive players. 02:50.495 --> 02:51.376 He's going after it. 02:52.417 --> 02:53.839 He's playing with an energy out there. 02:55.973 --> 03:05.622 If I can learn how to cut angles off like Scottie, be aggressive on a defensive end the floor like Scottie, I think they'll just take my game and the team that drafts me to an entirely different level. 03:07.403 --> 03:09.986 For more analysis, go to detail on ESPN+. 03:29.313 --> 03:41.425 you you 03:57.042 --> 03:59.764 Let me see if I can fix that audio for everyone. 03:59.864 --> 04:00.665 Good morning. 04:00.685 --> 04:02.826 My name is Jonathan Cooey. 04:03.026 --> 04:07.209 I am a chief biologist at GigaOM Biological, coming to you live from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 04:08.510 --> 04:12.032 You can figure out who I am because I am on the internet as that name. 04:12.753 --> 04:13.653 Welcome to the show. 04:15.155 --> 04:22.299 Today we are going to work on Biology 101, which is not really the same normal show that I do. 04:23.640 --> 04:31.056 um we are gonna try and start a new thing and uh if i might admit it it's a it's a big 04:32.819 --> 04:35.061 It's a big thing to start a new thing. 04:35.862 --> 04:52.418 And so it is with great trepidation that I am starting the new Biology 101 and going to try and get everybody to understand what I'm trying to mean with a pattern integrity across time, a trajectory across time. 04:52.438 --> 04:56.501 I think biology is definitely the way out, but it's a new biology we're going to need. 04:57.342 --> 04:59.785 This is a new biology 101 journal club. 04:59.865 --> 05:07.514 So we are actually going to, we have a paper up on this up on the website in the in the link called stuff. 05:08.775 --> 05:16.544 So if you go to gigaohmbiological.com, and you look up at the links on the top, the farthest one to the right, or 05:17.344 --> 05:27.292 If you're using a pull-down menu because your screen's too small or because you're on your phone, then it will be the last thing in the menu, which is titled Stuff. 05:27.932 --> 05:31.255 And actually, this link is also on the bottom of every page. 05:32.256 --> 05:40.682 And so when you click on Stuff, you'll see the things that we've been working on from the Biology 101 texts to some legal stuff to read. 05:42.103 --> 05:45.066 There's also the Journal Club from today, which is the 05:47.256 --> 05:51.859 Sorry, I might have my ears a little high and maybe that's why my voice is a little low. 05:51.939 --> 05:53.580 I'll try to kick it up a little bit here. 05:56.181 --> 05:59.864 This is the same message, but it's the other side of it, right? 06:00.764 --> 06:05.727 In my normal work or the work that I have been trapped into doing, I feel is necessary to do. 06:07.574 --> 06:23.863 The message is that this is for all the marbles, this is for the grandchildren of Earth, and that actually a large swath of the thinking American public is in one way or another under the spell of an anti-vaccine movement that's actually fake. 06:24.778 --> 06:39.377 And it is part and parcel for the same kind of governance theater that we typically think of happening only on news programs and only on Fox News or only on MSNBC. 06:39.397 --> 06:43.082 But actually, this fake anti-vaccine movement is crucial. 06:44.529 --> 06:47.790 Um, for this, this, this thing to have happened. 06:48.250 --> 07:05.157 Um, and, and I, I think it's really important to understand that's why I'm going to continue to do shows, um, which will explain how these murder and lies, um, were committed, how this, you know, pre existing anticipated rise in all cause mortality was used. 07:06.215 --> 07:10.317 to create a mythology that they intend to enslave our children with. 07:10.377 --> 07:17.541 And so I think in my other streams, I have tried very hard to, let me add this over here. 07:17.561 --> 07:19.903 I have tried very hard. 07:19.963 --> 07:21.904 That's still not really adding anything there. 07:22.204 --> 07:23.865 Ooh, let me get this over here. 07:23.965 --> 07:25.386 Yes, that's that one. 07:26.086 --> 07:27.127 And this is that one. 07:27.787 --> 07:31.009 And then I could also probably do this. 07:33.505 --> 07:34.746 RNA cannot pandemic. 07:35.266 --> 07:39.968 Using intramuscular injection to administer medicine to healthy people is wrong. 07:40.028 --> 07:53.653 And that is something that I think the new biology 101 should provide the model that in theory edifies that idea. 07:54.505 --> 08:11.608 If intramuscular injection is a very, very ridiculous way to administer medicine, that it's essentially like hitting someone in the head with a baseball bat, especially children, then there should be a pretty easy way to explain 08:12.972 --> 08:17.034 a model of biology wherein that statement makes sense. 08:17.234 --> 08:33.661 Because right now, our model of biology that includes viruses and vaccines and public health and quarantine and vaccines for the young and the old and for the middle-aged, these things don't work there. 08:34.801 --> 08:41.424 In fact, the main presumption is that intramuscular injection is one of the best ways to administer medicine. 08:43.891 --> 09:02.325 And so this final statement, the Human Genome Project has just begun, I think that's also something that if there is a new Biology 101 to teach, at the foundation of it should be this concept that the Human Genome Project isn't a milestone that was hit, it was a milestone that was defined. 09:04.363 --> 09:22.411 and maybe not even defined but sort of codified or conceived and conceptualized and laid out as a plan when the Human Genome Project was said or declared to be done on the cover of Nature in early 2000s. 09:26.678 --> 09:31.682 Now, in order to make the progress that we need to make, I guess I must have clicked something over here. 09:33.224 --> 09:52.220 We need to get rid of this bad biology 101, which is again, at the heart of this, this background that has been misconstrued as a spread and a novel virus and the need for lockdowns and masks and, and a, a group of people on white horses to come and save us. 09:53.496 --> 09:57.982 This bad biology 101 is all at the foundation of that. 09:58.122 --> 10:05.671 And one way to think about biology 101 in the simplest terms possible is that evolution because DNA. 10:05.691 --> 10:10.938 If I expand that a little bit more, evolution and the whole idea 10:13.294 --> 10:28.826 that we are the emergent properties of physics and chemistry with a little lightning and a mud puddle and lots and lots and lots and lots of time and solar energy, we are in existence. 10:29.186 --> 10:37.132 And it is despite all of the forces in nature which would work against the ever increasing complexity 10:38.522 --> 10:45.091 over billions of years that apparently because we found DNA is absolutely sure to be true. 10:47.054 --> 10:54.465 That's really the essence of this Bad Biology 101 because all of those assumptions are taught in those books. 10:56.715 --> 11:13.929 When you're taught as a biologist, or a budding biology student in high school, and then when you're taught again in college, you are essentially taught twice the same thing, one time, the second time in more detail, that evolution, because DNA. 11:15.302 --> 11:16.042 That's where you get. 11:16.522 --> 11:17.883 That's the end of biology 101. 11:18.403 --> 11:26.145 If you understand that evolution is real and the main evidence we have for it is DNA and genes, then you understand biology 101. 11:26.665 --> 11:29.946 You're ready to be indoctrinated into everything else. 11:34.467 --> 11:43.929 And so I think that that was part of the reason why the murder and lies were possible and why it was possible for this data to be available 11:46.072 --> 11:49.894 this data to be available, but no one to be able to see it. 11:49.934 --> 11:51.635 We lost control of pneumonia. 11:51.695 --> 11:53.036 How the hell did we do that? 11:56.677 --> 12:02.160 And the reason why people couldn't see it is because of this Biology 101 is so bad. 12:02.260 --> 12:04.942 Everyone's Biology 101 is so bad that 12:06.400 --> 12:18.128 dumb, simple explanations or stupid, complicated explanations can be used and weaponized against people and children can be bamboozled and their parents can be lied to. 12:19.228 --> 12:32.437 And so the way we get out of it is a new Biology 101 where people and kids, more importantly, really understand life as a pattern integrity with a trajectory across time. 12:34.056 --> 12:50.951 Once children are growing up with that model of themselves in their head, they will see themselves as sacred enough and that trajectory to be sacred enough to be afraid to perturb it. 12:51.812 --> 13:00.240 And instead they will spend their entire lives exploring ways to optimize it. 13:01.121 --> 13:10.247 Because that's what our kids should be looking to do from the moment that they grow up until the moment they blossom into puberty until the moment that we can declare them adults. 13:10.827 --> 13:19.553 They should have been actively seeking ways to optimize their trajectory across time. 13:23.018 --> 13:43.115 And if we taught children how to think of themselves, their bodies, and their minds as a pattern integrity with a trajectory across time that they can contribute to, that they can nurture, that they can optimize, we're going to end up with teenagers that are beautifully in shape, with a wide variety of skills and interests. 13:45.897 --> 13:50.701 We're not going to end up with a bunch of teenagers on phones all sharing Snapchat videos. 13:52.281 --> 14:11.677 That's my vision for high school kids that understand themselves and understand what responsibility comes along with that tremendous opportunity to optimize their trajectory across time, to enhance it. 14:14.073 --> 14:16.114 And so that's what I think a biology coach can do. 14:16.174 --> 14:17.495 I think we can think our way out. 14:17.515 --> 14:20.017 We can think, everybody can think their way out of this. 14:20.077 --> 14:22.018 In the end, it's not going to be my idea. 14:23.239 --> 14:30.944 It's never my, there's books all over the place in this room that every time I open them, I'm thinking, wow, how in the world have I heard this before? 14:32.486 --> 14:35.848 And none of the ideas that I'm going to present to you over the next few weeks are mine. 14:35.868 --> 14:38.910 A lot of them come crazy enough from Joshua Lederberg. 14:45.440 --> 14:47.541 And that didn't work the way that I wanted it to. 14:47.641 --> 14:47.941 Darn it. 14:47.961 --> 14:48.601 What happened here? 14:49.902 --> 14:54.724 This was supposed to have an animation. 14:54.784 --> 14:55.404 Darn it. 14:57.425 --> 14:58.665 Why did that not work? 14:59.445 --> 15:00.246 Let me just fix this. 15:00.306 --> 15:00.586 Sorry. 15:00.606 --> 15:01.826 I want to be able to do this right. 15:01.886 --> 15:04.687 And this will be a useful slide anyway later. 15:04.707 --> 15:05.908 Ctrl-Z. 15:05.928 --> 15:10.770 Hey, let's see how fast I can do things in PowerPoint. 15:14.904 --> 15:15.744 Why didn't that do that? 15:15.784 --> 15:17.025 I thought I sent that up already. 15:17.045 --> 15:18.586 That's weird. 15:18.626 --> 15:19.926 I must have done that with this one then. 15:20.246 --> 15:21.667 No, that one's also not there. 15:21.727 --> 15:23.688 Okay, well, I got to do this one then too. 15:24.568 --> 15:27.809 I'll just do it right away so that it's done. 15:28.069 --> 15:30.710 From the left, click. 15:31.351 --> 15:31.971 There we go. 15:32.151 --> 15:34.112 Okay, so let's start here again. 15:36.468 --> 15:39.110 So what I want to do is help you think your way out. 15:39.150 --> 15:42.553 I want to teach people how to teach their kids how to think their way out. 15:42.593 --> 15:48.859 And more importantly, I want to teach parents how to teach their kids to think about themselves. 15:48.899 --> 15:51.561 And I think, you know, even think about this in the 90s. 15:53.123 --> 15:57.206 when they were telling us your brain on drugs and then they were frying an egg in a pan. 15:57.226 --> 16:04.912 What if they just told you that your body and your mind is a pattern integrity with a trajectory across time. 16:04.952 --> 16:14.599 And so it's, you're kind of obligated to wait until most of that trajectory and direction is determined before you start fooling around with things. 16:16.160 --> 16:18.482 And then maybe you can fool around with things, who knows? 16:18.562 --> 16:20.704 But if you just told people the truth, 16:21.892 --> 16:26.375 about the potential dangers of disrupting a trajectory across time. 16:28.017 --> 16:34.021 Then children would grow up respecting themselves and their bodies in a very different way, right? 16:34.081 --> 16:35.803 I mean, do you see my point? 16:37.424 --> 16:44.209 And so Bad Biology 101, this evolution because DNA has a few things at its center that everybody needs to understand. 16:44.269 --> 16:46.771 First of all, DNA equals genes. 16:46.891 --> 16:49.153 Okay, I gotta move this over a little bit, I apologize. 16:49.173 --> 16:51.235 There we go. 16:52.631 --> 17:05.957 So DNA equals genes, this is already something that we, Mark Kulak and others that are helping us work through this have seen the transition happen because it was already set up. 17:06.037 --> 17:15.781 So they were already thinking about the concept of genes and inheritance and a unit of inheritance already before the molecule of DNA was discovered. 17:16.874 --> 17:37.961 And the discovery of DNA meant to these people that their concept of genes and inheritance of bits of information and then the random mutation of those bits of information being the substrate for evolution. 17:38.001 --> 17:38.441 Do you see? 17:38.481 --> 17:39.442 This is important. 17:40.322 --> 17:46.224 Because evolution, because DNA, is a really important thing to understand. 17:47.168 --> 17:55.033 If we're gonna go forward with the new biology 101, you need to see how bad the bad biology 101 really is. 17:55.153 --> 18:05.459 If evolution, because DNA equals genes, which means that already, and think about how magic this is with six words. 18:06.613 --> 18:22.844 If you count DNA as a word, with six words I'm already able to explain to you the enchantment because built in here is the assumption that the discovery of DNA means evolution by mutation of genes is real. 18:24.505 --> 18:25.426 It explains everything. 18:27.727 --> 18:28.588 That's why we're here. 18:29.268 --> 18:30.829 That's why we're surrounded by bugs. 18:32.550 --> 18:34.211 That's why we all have DNA. 18:34.452 --> 18:34.912 That's it. 18:34.992 --> 18:35.933 That's their answer. 18:36.846 --> 18:42.745 And if that's wrong, think about how much sacred biology just goes poof. 18:44.727 --> 18:56.417 And think about how hard it is for your children to think of themselves and understand the responsibility and the opportunity they've been given by their creator if you start with this bad biology. 18:56.457 --> 18:59.300 The second thing is that genes cause disease. 18:59.360 --> 19:12.491 That's of course what all these people are talking about when they say that we've got to screen 100,000 genomes because I'm a clinical pathologist and I want to figure out how diseases occur, like, you know, Alzheimer's and stuff. 19:14.133 --> 19:24.860 They want to talk about genes causing disease near the end of the trajectory through time. 19:28.097 --> 19:37.245 They want to talk about cancer being caused by genes when it happens at the end of a trajectory across time. 19:37.325 --> 19:43.571 Think about how absurd it is that that is also part of bad biology 101. 19:44.132 --> 19:47.635 That's how people think on TV and social media. 19:47.655 --> 19:50.858 That's how they argue with that assumption. 19:52.870 --> 19:54.490 Genes create potential. 19:54.550 --> 20:02.412 So it doesn't mean that if you have the gene, you're going to get the disease because it's a whole selection of genes that work together. 20:02.452 --> 20:10.374 And so the best we can do is correlate these individual digits with the disease. 20:11.674 --> 20:16.416 This is as far as we are because again, evolution, because DNA, they're kind of trapped. 20:17.716 --> 20:20.056 They're kind of trapped with that explanation. 20:20.096 --> 20:22.197 They're kind of trapped with those questions. 20:24.437 --> 20:28.459 And genes are the nature of nature versus nurture. 20:28.519 --> 20:33.622 Now, nature versus nurture is a very old, almost passé argument at this point. 20:33.662 --> 20:37.724 I don't even know if Kevin McKernan is old enough to have ever even heard this argument before. 20:38.304 --> 20:46.769 But nature versus nurture is this idea that your genes or your heredity contributes something to the adult animal 20:47.609 --> 20:59.292 and also the nature, the nurture, so the environment and for your parents and what happens to you and the chemicals you're surrounded by during development. 21:00.892 --> 21:09.854 And of course, nature versus nurture is not very far off from the idea of a pattern integrity with a trajectory across time. 21:10.034 --> 21:16.636 It's essentially arguing and discussing the importance of nature being genes 21:19.352 --> 21:27.235 versus nurture being the environment, you know, like your parents and the food you eat and blah, blah, blah, blah. 21:28.496 --> 21:30.897 Okay, so this is where we are with Biology 101. 21:31.397 --> 21:35.319 If you get that, then basically you got the whole first year of biology in a nutshell. 21:35.979 --> 21:37.800 First high school year for sure. 21:43.652 --> 21:47.273 I did get the email about the car guy. 21:47.313 --> 21:50.314 That's something I'm going to look into later this afternoon, actually. 21:50.354 --> 21:50.974 Thank you very much. 21:53.234 --> 22:02.497 So, I guess the alternative question then would be for the biology coach, what is a pattern integrity with a trajectory across time? 22:02.577 --> 22:06.317 So, let me just give you a couple ideas of where I want to take this. 22:07.258 --> 22:12.399 But first, just to remind you that the TV is out there. 22:13.134 --> 22:21.162 The beekeeping industry is in crisis over the shocking and unexplained deaths of hundreds of millions of bees over the last eight months. 22:21.863 --> 22:33.854 It could impact all of us, as bees, called the backbone of agriculture, are responsible for pollinating more than a third of the nation's crops, and current losses are unsustainable. 22:34.515 --> 22:37.318 Janet Chamleon has more on this stinging decline. 22:39.134 --> 22:39.614 Stinging decline. 22:39.634 --> 22:42.015 This is what an unfolding disaster looks like in the U.S. 22:42.095 --> 22:43.235 beekeeping industry. 22:44.476 --> 22:54.678 Each of these hives can hold as many as 80,000 bees, but for reasons no one can pinpoint, the bees in all these hives and tens of thousands more have turned up dead. 22:55.018 --> 22:56.439 Have you ever seen it this bad? 22:56.579 --> 22:57.619 Never, not even close. 22:57.819 --> 23:01.580 The data is showing us that this is the worst bee loss in recorded history. 23:02.160 --> 23:04.541 Blake Shook is one of the nation's top beekeepers. 23:06.089 --> 23:09.991 He owns Desert Creek Honey and several other beekeeping businesses. 23:11.352 --> 23:15.934 One of them is rebuilding dead hives and he's receiving an alarming number of them. 23:16.314 --> 23:17.095 Where are they from? 23:17.115 --> 23:19.496 Yeah, these are from North Dakota that we're looking at right here. 23:19.955 --> 23:24.540 Over there we've got Florida, back here we've got Georgia, I've got California over in that corner. 23:24.900 --> 23:26.662 Bees play a critical role in U.S. 23:26.702 --> 23:27.423 food production. 23:27.903 --> 23:34.309 In addition to making honey, they pollinate 75% of the fruits, nuts, and vegetables grown in the U.S. 23:34.930 --> 23:37.673 That's $15 billion worth of crops. 23:38.293 --> 23:42.758 If this is a multi-year thing, it'll change the way we consume food in the United States. 23:43.308 --> 23:45.129 That's a pretty significant statement. 23:45.289 --> 23:45.709 It's huge. 23:46.310 --> 23:46.690 It's huge. 23:46.730 --> 23:56.475 I mean, if we lose 80% of our bees every year, the industry cannot survive, which means we cannot pollinate at the scale that we need to produce food in the United States. 23:56.856 --> 23:59.377 So what's causing the deaths, and why now? 23:59.957 --> 24:04.960 So these are dead bees in there, and they have always an identifier for a project. 24:05.380 --> 24:09.022 Juliana Rangel is an entomologist at Texas A&M University. 24:09.522 --> 24:11.984 She showed us the lab where they've been studying the bees. 24:12.684 --> 24:17.908 One potential explanation is that over the last few years, we've seen some locations across the U.S. 24:17.928 --> 24:20.770 that have had lower forage available for bees. 24:21.291 --> 24:27.495 So when they're supposed to be blooming, let's say in April, they're blooming either earlier in the year or later in the year. 24:27.615 --> 24:33.720 And so we have these food deserts, basically, in the summer and fall that the bees sometimes cannot withstand. 24:34.200 --> 24:36.762 Back at Shook's Bee Farm... Here we go with the hood. 24:37.082 --> 24:39.544 We suited up for a look at his commercial operation. 24:40.109 --> 24:41.072 Okay, you ready? 24:41.153 --> 24:41.353 Yep. 24:41.694 --> 24:46.229 Alright, the first thing we do is smoke the entrance and that calms the bees down. 24:46.761 --> 24:48.622 This is what a healthy hive looks like. 24:48.902 --> 24:52.244 And then in the center here, this is where the baby bees are raised. 24:52.544 --> 24:57.367 These just returned from California, where the bees were used to pollinate almonds. 24:57.888 --> 25:02.050 Why are honeybees so essential to pollinating the almond crops? 25:02.450 --> 25:05.812 With honeybees, almonds produce 2,000 to 3,000 pounds per acre. 25:06.052 --> 25:08.854 Without bees, they produce 200 pounds per acre. 25:09.474 --> 25:11.776 So there is no almond crop without honeybees. 25:12.165 --> 25:20.833 Beekeeping groups say the losses may put as many as 25% of commercial operations out of business by year's end, with wide-reaching impact. 25:21.033 --> 25:26.398 I got a call from a friend who has 20,000 beehives at the start of winter, and he's at less than 1,000. 25:27.759 --> 25:28.620 And he said, this is it. 25:29.481 --> 25:35.108 And this guy's just collecting their beehives and he's going to rebuild them here and he's got a big factory that's packaging honey. 25:35.148 --> 25:36.830 So I'm not really sure what's going on. 25:37.571 --> 25:40.255 Anyway, the point is, is that the bees are collapsing. 25:40.295 --> 25:41.837 We heard this a few years ago, too. 25:43.058 --> 25:45.419 And they don't really have an explanation. 25:45.879 --> 25:50.960 Her explanation, which was something about there being food deserts or something like that. 25:51.240 --> 25:56.782 I, I'm not buying that one because they're also talking about pollinating food crops. 25:56.942 --> 25:59.382 And in those cases, a lot of times the bees are moved. 25:59.903 --> 26:02.443 So I'm, I'm still not buying it anyway. 26:02.463 --> 26:08.205 I'm going to resume the show and show you that it's also on, you know, they're, they're bombarding everybody with it. 26:08.285 --> 26:10.005 It's on the Saturday morning show. 26:10.085 --> 26:11.706 It's on the afternoon news. 26:13.347 --> 26:14.848 and the evening weekend news. 26:15.948 --> 26:24.414 Tonight, the beekeeping industry is in crisis over the shocking and unexplained deaths of hundreds of millions of bees over the last eight months. 26:24.734 --> 26:35.041 Now, this could impact all of the U.S., as bees, called the backbone of agriculture, are responsible for pollinating, get this, more than a third of the nation's crops. 26:35.401 --> 26:39.004 CBS's Janet Shamlian in Savoy, Texas, has the story. 26:41.235 --> 26:44.096 This is what an unfolding disaster looks like in the U.S. 26:44.156 --> 26:45.297 beekeeping industry. 26:46.537 --> 26:48.198 Each of these hives can hold as many as 80,000. 26:48.998 --> 26:53.980 Now you can see right there, basically recycling the same thing over and over again on the news. 26:54.040 --> 26:55.641 And you got to ask yourself, why? 26:55.701 --> 26:58.142 Is it really because the bees are going away? 26:58.162 --> 27:02.844 Or is it because of something bigger, something more interesting? 27:03.644 --> 27:07.065 And that's what I just want to seed in this little thing. 27:07.665 --> 27:09.926 Remember what I said, maybe I should show you that. 27:10.106 --> 27:11.746 Maybe I'm just going to escape here for a second. 27:12.526 --> 27:16.927 Fire this up and go to GigaOM at home here. 27:17.728 --> 27:20.448 Bring this over this way and show you. 27:20.548 --> 27:23.589 OK, look, here's the home site, GigaOMBiological.com. 27:24.218 --> 27:29.099 And if you go to stuff right here, can you see that finger you push to stuff? 27:29.139 --> 27:31.439 And then here's the journal club. 27:31.519 --> 27:47.722 We're going to talk about this bee microbe review and this rhizophagy review tomorrow as two examples of the kind of thing that are, I think, kind of the unifying phenomenon in a new biology 101. 27:49.022 --> 27:50.363 I'm nervous about this, you know? 27:50.483 --> 27:51.763 I'm nervous about this because 27:52.694 --> 27:58.038 You know, maybe if it's a good enough idea, people will even want to, you know, try to pretend it was theirs. 27:58.478 --> 27:59.779 But I think this is... 28:02.861 --> 28:08.204 This idea and these ideas belong to Joshua Lederberg and Buckminster Fuller. 28:08.644 --> 28:16.127 And there's just too many people that came before me that have made it possible for me to even arrive at these ideas. 28:16.848 --> 28:25.572 And I'm really excited just to share them with you after having them in the background for so long and not really understanding how I was going to get them out. 28:27.270 --> 28:33.693 Just be sure you understand this Twitch video is going to disappear immediately and the YouTube video is going to go private immediately. 28:33.733 --> 28:37.775 This will only remain in Biology 101 on PeerTube. 28:39.275 --> 28:46.018 So the important thing, I think, to understand with regard to what is, there's the question up on top, right? 28:46.779 --> 28:49.900 What is a pattern integrity with the trajectory across time? 28:49.960 --> 28:54.662 If we're going to explain this to our kids, we're going to have to give them the tools to understand it. 28:54.722 --> 28:56.083 And in old 28:57.499 --> 28:57.625 beat. 28:58.078 --> 29:05.183 old bad biology 101 we talk about things like development and development is this trajectory across time. 29:05.223 --> 29:27.278 The annoying part of development is that it kind of starts and stops and it's supposed to have different steps in it and some of that is embryological and so it was just an imperfect word that brought about a lot of imperfect concepts and an imperfect idea because it sort of had a beginning and an end that didn't 29:28.138 --> 29:31.179 sort of coincide with the animal, and that's a little odd. 29:31.860 --> 29:35.281 And so we might try to find a different word for that. 29:35.341 --> 29:39.202 Homeostasis is another word from old biology, which might work. 29:39.742 --> 29:44.264 It might be okay to use it if you understand it in the right context. 29:44.304 --> 29:53.708 So I think two or three more important concepts to have in mind when you think about what is a pattern integrity with a trajectory across time. 29:54.648 --> 29:58.030 And just think about this amorphous thing behind me here. 29:58.850 --> 30:00.111 It's a pattern integrity. 30:00.431 --> 30:05.453 It's kind of this wormy thing with colors and bands that you can see are changing with some balls in there. 30:06.114 --> 30:09.015 It's a pattern integrity with a trajectory across time. 30:11.550 --> 30:20.077 And so what's happening in this thing are the balls are coming in, the stripes are coming in and breaking up, the waves are coming in and breaking up. 30:20.717 --> 30:26.522 And so you might think about big terms in a new biology like decomposition and synthesis. 30:28.083 --> 30:33.468 Perhaps it's a better way, I'm still debating this, what we should call a decomposition and composition. 30:34.994 --> 30:43.138 But synthesis is an old word from the old biology and so maybe we should change it to composition. 30:43.158 --> 30:50.202 I think I like that better. 30:50.782 --> 31:01.847 So decomposition and composition are at the center of what I would call a pattern integrity with a trajectory across time. 31:04.565 --> 31:13.533 I'm trying my best to define something as simply as possible so that the most people can get close enough to the finish line today already. 31:14.614 --> 31:22.701 So a pattern integrity, you can kind of think of it as a whirling, amorphous form, you know, like us. 31:23.541 --> 31:30.287 If you thought about you and you sped the film of you up from birth to death over the course of 20 minutes, 31:31.568 --> 32:00.295 now you're kind of getting the idea of what a pattern integrity with a trajectory across time is and and all those frames of that movie that go by in 20 minutes those are the trajectory across time that's smeared across 80 years if you're lucky and during that entire time right at the center of you is an interface of decomposition and composition it has to be by definition it's not 32:01.266 --> 32:11.993 And that's also how you can see a virus or a molecule, by definition, is not a pattern that's occurring at the interface between decomposition and composition. 32:12.033 --> 32:13.113 It's not. 32:13.233 --> 32:17.676 So it's not life, and it's not a pattern integrity with a trajectory across time. 32:17.756 --> 32:30.064 But when you find one, you will see that at the heart of it is an interface between decomposition and composition, between, if you want to use one of the old words, decomposition and synthesis. 32:33.126 --> 32:38.951 And finally, I would put in the middle here that the biggest word, the most important word is symbiosis. 32:40.132 --> 32:47.038 And understanding a multicellular organism as the most extreme version of symbiosis. 32:48.279 --> 32:57.367 Multicellular organisms are the most extreme version of symbiosis, but symbiosis is essential 32:58.837 --> 33:09.500 to a pattern integrity across time and symbiosis is required for there to be an interface between decomposition and composition. 33:12.141 --> 33:18.423 And now this might not make any sense, maybe it makes no sense to you right now but at the end of this course it will make more sense than 33:21.721 --> 33:26.385 it will make much more sense than bad biology because evolution, because DNA. 33:26.425 --> 33:33.570 So think about these two things as we then we're going to pivot to watching a video, which is just basically a journal club. 33:34.051 --> 33:37.714 It's a discussion about the concept of symbiosis in insects. 33:38.534 --> 33:44.980 And I just want you to digest these two basic ideas. 33:45.360 --> 33:48.823 One, there are no diseases 33:49.964 --> 33:53.526 in humans that are blamed on bacteriophages. 33:53.606 --> 33:59.129 Not one, not a few, but zero. 33:59.149 --> 34:00.970 Okay? 34:02.571 --> 34:05.392 And you can basically say the same thing for bacteria. 34:05.412 --> 34:11.996 There are basically no diseases except for food poisoning, which are based on bacteria. 34:12.076 --> 34:12.456 Zero. 34:14.926 --> 34:23.611 And the second thing is, is that bacteriophages are completely free, unrestricted passers of the gut barrier. 34:24.552 --> 34:26.473 They can go wherever the hell they want to. 34:30.815 --> 34:31.796 Just think about that. 34:33.337 --> 34:35.098 Let those thoughts digest. 34:37.159 --> 34:39.920 There are no diseases that are blamed on bacteriophages. 34:40.141 --> 34:40.701 Zero. 34:42.185 --> 34:46.087 Now add in the fact that a lot of anti-vaxxers are gut biologists. 34:50.289 --> 34:54.372 Even some of the most prominent ones right now study the gut microbiome. 34:57.854 --> 35:02.696 And there's not one disease in humanity blamed on bacteriophages. 35:02.736 --> 35:03.497 That's interesting. 35:03.537 --> 35:11.441 I wonder what Joshua Lederberg would think about that because bacteriophages are also, curiously enough, free to pass the gut barrier. 35:12.469 --> 35:17.531 The immune system, I guess, ignores them. 35:19.111 --> 35:24.773 Okay, so let's watch this video and let's see what we get from it. 35:24.793 --> 35:25.814 I'm going to take some notes. 35:25.974 --> 35:28.855 I'm very happy that I got to share those first ideas with you. 35:28.915 --> 35:37.118 Remember, if you didn't hear me earlier, I am going to make the Twitch video disappear and the YouTube video disappear and the Rumble video disappear. 35:37.879 --> 35:41.041 And this video will only remain available on PeerTube. 35:41.081 --> 35:42.402 That's just the way it is, folks. 35:43.423 --> 35:46.245 We're gonna go to full screen here, and then we're gonna hit play. 35:46.725 --> 35:47.165 Hang on! 35:47.185 --> 35:49.627 I don't listen to NIH videos at 1x. 35:53.254 --> 35:56.295 who don't know who we are, but I think this audience mostly does. 35:57.115 --> 36:02.556 We're a weekly seminar series on primarily prokaryotic topics, but other interesting science as well. 36:02.956 --> 36:04.416 And we invite you to join us. 36:04.497 --> 36:09.398 And we every year nominate our favorite people who haven't been here to come and give WALS. 36:09.438 --> 36:15.319 And we're fortunate enough to have Nancy Moran selected from that nomination for this year's WALS talk. 36:15.899 --> 36:19.643 Nancy is the Warren and Viola May Rainer Chair Professor at the University of Texas in Austin. 36:19.824 --> 36:21.545 She's in the Department of Integrated Biology. 36:21.866 --> 36:33.659 And I think most of us who have been in this field a while recognize that some of the most interesting microbiology and just interesting ideas in general come when we sort of have people from very different viewpoints and bring their science. 36:33.759 --> 36:35.441 Oh yeah, I got to push play on this one. 36:37.853 --> 36:49.177 The Department of Integrative Biology feels at this stage to me, as I'm about to present Biology 101 in a new way, it feels redundant. 36:50.697 --> 36:54.699 And in fact, I think these departments of Integrative Biology 36:56.258 --> 37:08.123 actually underscore how bad biology 101 actually is in our civilization right now because they need a department of integrative biology for goodness sakes. 37:12.385 --> 37:13.286 Okay, so here we go. 37:13.306 --> 37:17.428 Sorry, this is not gonna go well if I don't shut up and listen. 37:17.568 --> 37:18.548 It's a wonderful example of that. 37:18.568 --> 37:22.710 She got her undergraduate education at UT Austin and her PhD in Michigan in zoology. 37:23.343 --> 37:36.032 And she, I think, got interested in insects, aphids, fairly early in her career, and then incorporated the microbiome in about 1990, and really has been doing groundbreaking work on the intersection of the microbiome and insects. 37:36.592 --> 37:46.579 She was recognized with the MacArthur Fellowship in 1997, election to the National Academy of Sciences in 2004, a whole long list of prizes, including a lot for molecular ecology, which is not something that us microbiologists are normally thinking about. 37:47.219 --> 37:50.781 And in 2023, received the NAS Selman Waxman Award in Microbiology. 37:53.603 --> 38:03.388 Her PhD, et cetera, she established her lab at the University of Arizona, where she did much of this work, moved in 2010 to Yale for a few years, and then moved from Yale to UT Austin, where she's been from 2013 on. 38:04.428 --> 38:05.569 So we're delighted she could come today. 38:05.609 --> 38:12.092 Now, if at the end you want more, please join us tomorrow for Lambda Lunch at 11 in Building 37 on the sixth floor. 38:12.112 --> 38:14.553 And if you don't know where to go or anything, just catch me at the reception. 38:14.733 --> 38:15.713 And there is a reception after this. 38:15.813 --> 38:16.754 Other important information. 38:19.133 --> 38:21.014 Lambda, as in Lambda phage, I guess. 38:21.154 --> 38:22.554 The CME code is on the board. 38:22.594 --> 38:22.714 It's 50096. 38:25.215 --> 38:28.776 If you are online and want to ask questions, you can send live feedback at any time. 38:28.796 --> 38:31.797 Use the send live feedback button at any time during the talk, or certainly at the end. 38:32.017 --> 38:35.138 For those of you in the room, I guess, unlike Lambda Lunch, we'll save the questions for the end. 38:35.339 --> 38:39.700 But at that point, we'll ask that you come to the microphones so that everyone, including those online, can hear it. 38:39.740 --> 38:41.080 So I'm delighted to have you here, Nancy. 38:41.100 --> 38:41.321 Thanks. 38:41.441 --> 38:43.721 This is her first visit to NIH, which tells you this is long overdue. 38:43.921 --> 38:45.662 So thank you for coming, and we're looking forward to your talk. 38:49.893 --> 38:52.796 Thanks, Susan, and thanks to everyone else who's been organizing this really fun visit. 38:52.856 --> 38:59.142 I've had a lot of great talks with people here today, and I'm looking forward to some more the rest of today and tomorrow, so I'm glad to be here and learning a lot of new things. 38:59.162 --> 39:10.713 Today I'm going to give a very broad talk to kind of cover this very broad field that's developed a lot that I've been part of really since the field started around 1990, and basically it's exploring how microbes interact with insects, and I've always loved insects. 39:10.974 --> 39:13.076 I'm one of those people from a little kid stage that loved insects, 39:13.436 --> 39:22.270 But it's been really a revelation to realize that a lot of what we see in insect biology is due to the microbes living in them, specifically bacteria, in most cases, living in them. 39:22.731 --> 39:27.839 So I'll kind of give a few of the most exciting examples, I think, to show the different ways that this happens. 39:28.820 --> 39:33.882 So insects, okay, you might not know, but they are more than half of all species that are described, of everything. 39:34.562 --> 39:35.403 They are very old. 39:35.423 --> 39:39.184 They originated really when life, when life came onto land. 39:39.244 --> 39:42.365 I mean, they're very ancient, along with the first plants on land about 450 million years ago. 39:44.306 --> 39:51.469 And they have these symbioses, but they were rarely studied until about 30 years ago when molecular tools became available for looking at them. 39:52.189 --> 39:53.970 And then there's been an incredible increase, especially since 2007. 39:54.690 --> 40:01.193 And you might recognize that year as the year when next-gen sequencing became widely available and cheaper, and it really led to a lot more studies. 40:01.213 --> 40:02.913 Wow, interesting. 40:02.953 --> 40:04.494 So in 2007, they finally started looking at 40:07.900 --> 40:09.321 insect microbiota. 40:09.361 --> 40:20.066 It sounds very similar to when Nathan Wolf got his start looking for viruses in the wild and starting all these bioweapons companies in Ukraine. 40:20.506 --> 40:36.214 It's very funny because she is admitting something here, saying something here, but doesn't seem to see the significance of it like I think a real Biology 101 would teach from the very beginning, which is what? 40:37.506 --> 40:47.209 that the whole idea of insects existing in the first place presupposes an insect symbiosis with bacteria in their gut forever. 40:48.669 --> 40:59.712 All of their ancestors going all the way back to whenever would have had this symbiosis with gut bacteria, right? 40:59.772 --> 41:05.114 That 450 million years ago, according to their long clock, 41:06.147 --> 41:13.190 right, where this sort of unstoppable force of evolution started in a mud puddle and got us all the way here. 41:14.790 --> 41:27.195 And through that whole time, although we've only been studying it for like 30 years, the assumption must be that this symbiosis is at the foundation of this biology. 41:30.227 --> 41:36.511 450 million years of it according to her calculations or timeline and her mentor's timeline. 41:38.032 --> 41:47.438 Hope I'm just being seven and you might recognize that year as the year when next-gen sequencing became widely available and cheaper and it really led to a lot more studies. 41:48.300 --> 41:52.544 And there's a huge variety of these interactions, so I'll give you some examples of the different groups. 41:52.584 --> 41:58.289 I can roughly put them into several categories, and the first one I'll talk about are what we sometimes call primary symbionts. 41:58.529 --> 41:59.670 These are obligate for the host. 41:59.690 --> 42:00.991 The host cannot develop without them. 42:01.291 --> 42:07.837 They're strictly maternally transmitted from mother to daughter, from mother to son, too, but he's a dead end, only from mothers, so just like mitochondria. 42:08.757 --> 42:11.280 The genomes are really characteristic, and I'll talk more about that. 42:11.300 --> 42:11.940 They're highly reduced. 42:13.341 --> 42:14.742 Say what? 42:14.802 --> 42:15.082 What? 42:15.662 --> 42:16.863 And examples are a couple of these. 42:16.923 --> 42:20.244 I'll talk more about the examples, especially the Buchenera and aphids, which has been a central model. 42:20.624 --> 42:22.005 So these occur a lot. 42:22.025 --> 42:23.705 They are not restricted to insects. 42:23.905 --> 42:40.772 Are you telling me that these ladies know that insects inherit strains of bacteria from their mothers, just like we inherit our mitochondria from our mothers, but they haven't gone all the way? 42:43.166 --> 42:53.989 They haven't gotten, it's almost like anti-vaxxers that say they're against vaccines, but haven't been able to say that intramuscular injection is obviously dumb. 42:55.529 --> 42:58.130 These people can't get past this? 42:59.771 --> 43:06.432 That if there was evolution, then by definition, this symbiotic relationship occurred at the start? 43:06.813 --> 43:07.073 What? 43:07.573 --> 43:08.013 How are? 43:09.900 --> 43:19.227 There is no complex life on Earth that does not have this at its foundation, and that's something that they don't teach in Biology 101. 43:19.847 --> 43:23.190 Instead, they teach the bad part, which is what? 43:23.630 --> 43:25.312 That there's DNA in all that. 43:28.574 --> 43:33.318 That those insects exist despite all of the pathogens around them. 43:35.791 --> 43:43.912 instead of in symbiosis with, instead of interdependence with, instead of by necessity in symbiosis with. 43:44.953 --> 44:03.716 It's a very subtle difference, ladies and gentlemen, but if you teach a child very early in that very subtle but shitty difference, will result in them being able to passively accept the model of an RNA pandemic and passively accept the consequences of their genes. 44:06.294 --> 44:11.658 and not understand that intramuscular injection is dumb and trust their doctors. 44:17.602 --> 44:19.203 I hope I'm making some sense here. 44:19.363 --> 44:21.065 This is going to take a long time to teach. 44:21.165 --> 44:25.448 A lot of other invertebrates or even in some fungi, but most of the cases that have been studied are in insects. 44:26.550 --> 44:28.372 And then there's a so-called secondary symbionts. 44:28.412 --> 44:30.494 And these are ones that, again, are mostly transmitted maternally. 44:30.534 --> 44:33.597 So in the lab, you can maintain them for hundreds of generations. 44:33.617 --> 44:34.918 They'll be strictly maternally transmitted. 44:35.098 --> 44:46.489 I mean, she's talking about primary and secondary transmitted symbionts, bacteria that are transmitted and that their host is interdependent on. 44:46.609 --> 44:47.370 Come on. 44:48.511 --> 44:49.432 Come on, guys. 44:51.024 --> 44:54.529 Why isn't this the foundation of High School Biology 101? 44:54.609 --> 44:57.052 Why aren't we shown all the examples of this? 44:57.092 --> 45:04.021 The other paper that you can download from my website, from the link, Stuff, is a paper about Rhizophagia. 45:04.081 --> 45:05.123 I wonder what that is. 45:08.669 --> 45:11.690 high fidelity, but we can see that in nature they're jumping around sometimes. 45:11.710 --> 45:13.411 They're horizontally transmitted in nature. 45:13.451 --> 45:15.011 We can see that by doing phylogenies and so on. 45:15.031 --> 45:17.272 And they're more dynamic in terms of their genomes. 45:17.472 --> 45:21.133 They have recombination and bacteriophage and things which are not present in the primary symbionts. 45:21.513 --> 45:24.514 A really common one of these is Wolbachia that is in insects. 45:24.574 --> 45:27.975 It's jumping around, and most insect species have had it in their history, probably all. 45:28.395 --> 45:30.436 And Hamiltonella is an example I'll talk about in aphids. 45:30.996 --> 45:35.519 And then we come to things that are more like gut symbionts and often are gut symbionts. 45:35.579 --> 45:39.341 And this category where there's host specialized symbionts, they live only in the host. 45:39.361 --> 45:41.242 They don't replicate in other environments. 45:41.502 --> 45:43.383 They're restricted to the host, but they're not maternally transmitted. 45:43.403 --> 45:45.845 They're just socially transmitted, just like our gut microbiota. 45:46.405 --> 45:53.429 And then finally, just environmental microbes that might colonize hosts, they might have a big effect on the host, but the microbes themselves live in many different places. 45:54.110 --> 45:55.511 So they haven't evolved specifically with hosts. 45:55.531 --> 45:58.352 So first I'll talk about these so-called primary symbionts. 45:59.093 --> 46:06.857 These are inherited, they're intracellular, usually, there's actually some cases where they're not, but mostly they're intracellular, and they generally live within specialized host cells. 46:07.178 --> 46:08.899 These have evolved again and again, they're called bacteria. 46:09.139 --> 46:12.741 Okay, now I'm not an expert in bacteria, but I did do a master's degree 46:14.124 --> 46:36.283 that ended up to be a Master's of the Arts, but because I didn't finish the research part of it, and that's a long story, but I did a lot of different research projects, and I just kept running into supervisors whose projects were just so bad that after I just couldn't find anybody that I wanted to work with for another year, and it just all fell apart. 46:36.303 --> 46:40.107 So I just did a few more courses and got the hell out of there and wasted a lot of money. 46:41.230 --> 46:45.855 Because I thought a master's would get me into medical school and that was just so dumb. 46:46.595 --> 46:52.661 Anyway, during that time, I did briefly work with somebody who worked on the neurobiology of praying mantises. 46:52.701 --> 46:57.326 And I spent a lot of time learning to dissect them and reading about them and understanding their physiology. 46:57.966 --> 47:00.468 And just so you know, insects are not like us. 47:00.688 --> 47:03.930 They have a very different way of circulating. 47:03.970 --> 47:08.152 Their bodies are very different, differentially organized. 47:08.232 --> 47:10.553 A lot of their neurotransmission is nicotinic. 47:10.613 --> 47:15.096 So, that's the reason why tobacco and nicotine is so poisonous to them. 47:16.697 --> 47:19.298 And so, this is kind of new to me. 47:19.578 --> 47:25.802 And so, when she says intracellular, I just think you should take bacteriocytes. 47:26.582 --> 47:33.309 Somatic cells housing symbionts have evolved repeatedly in insects and other invertebrates. 47:33.349 --> 47:36.171 So, of course, you can see where this is going, right? 47:36.231 --> 47:44.399 Our mitochondria are, and I am not the person who said this, this is a long old idea, our mitochondria are symbionts. 47:44.519 --> 47:46.862 They are not remnants of symbionts. 47:47.844 --> 47:52.287 They are not powerhouses of the cells that used to be Symbionts. 47:52.387 --> 47:56.669 They are Symbionts, is the best way to describe them. 47:57.450 --> 48:05.634 Even if they are generations from the event, or whatever you want to think of as that thing. 48:06.735 --> 48:08.076 They are Symbionts. 48:08.236 --> 48:13.439 If you see them as Symbionts rather than remnants of Symbionts, and that's the most important thing. 48:14.219 --> 48:16.761 Remnants of Symbionts, I gotta get bigger for this one. 48:17.800 --> 48:24.159 Remanence of symbionts is the idea that is required for old biology. 48:25.106 --> 48:49.052 If you want to believe that life is the result of a billion year process that went from simple to complex and you're at the end of it, then you also have to believe that this symbiotic thing that resulted in us having mitochondria occurred so far back in the future that all complex life on earth has mitochondria that are all kind of the same. 48:52.915 --> 48:56.897 And so intracellular in insects, they're fine. 48:56.937 --> 48:58.198 They're called bactericides. 48:58.958 --> 49:00.419 And so we're going to listen to them. 49:00.479 --> 49:05.682 This is the first level, the most primal of intracellular symbionts. 49:05.742 --> 49:06.763 And there's secondary. 49:06.803 --> 49:08.604 And then there's the gut microbiota. 49:09.624 --> 49:10.365 Isn't this cool? 49:13.551 --> 49:21.577 So, they're cells of the host that house the symbionts, usually in the cytoplasm, and often the cytoplasm is basically just stuffed with these bacterial symbionts. 49:22.077 --> 49:28.942 They've evolved over and over, bacteriocytes, from different cell types, and sometimes in the same insect you can have two different cell types that house different bacterial symbionts. 49:29.642 --> 49:30.603 And this is just one example. 49:30.623 --> 49:43.455 The example I'll talk most about, here's an aphid, and it has its gut, and then these yellow things are the ovarioles, and the bacteriocytes are in the body cavity here, and if you just look at one of these tiny embryos, so aphids have prenatal development, and the embryos within the mother. 49:43.715 --> 49:49.461 This is the embryo at a very early stage, and basically almost the entire embryo is the symbionts here. 49:49.501 --> 49:53.404 So basically they're a very big part of development, in many cases early embryonic development. 49:54.265 --> 49:59.490 and this is just showing the later stages, but one important point is in most cases they are actually enclosed in a host derived membrane. 49:59.510 --> 50:01.452 Remember, I'm a neurobiologist. 50:01.552 --> 50:16.867 I learned a lot about the brains of mammals, especially the anatomy of the brains, and neurons, and neuronal function, and ion channels, and ionic currents, and the electrical signals of neurons. 50:16.947 --> 50:17.127 This 50:18.174 --> 50:27.321 This stuff is, you know, there's a lot of stuff that's out there that needs to be brought together under one new Biology 101. 50:27.381 --> 50:28.922 I think it's going to be very easy. 50:28.962 --> 50:30.464 It just falls right in place. 50:31.464 --> 50:43.113 It makes perfect sense if you understand yourself more complexly than public health and the Human Genome Project would like you to understand yourself. 50:44.935 --> 50:47.477 So they're in a vacuole within these bacteriocyte cells. 50:49.178 --> 50:51.159 Well, they're still dominant in embryos. 50:51.279 --> 50:58.083 Early embryologists were looking at insect embryos and other invertebrate embryos, trying to understand development and using light microscopy. 50:58.384 --> 51:01.586 And a very prominent one who noticed these symbionts was named Paul Buchner. 51:02.146 --> 51:03.307 He was an embryologist in Germany. 51:03.587 --> 51:07.069 He documented hundreds of animal symbioses, including hundreds in insects. 51:07.469 --> 51:09.430 He had a lot of treatment of aphids in their symbionts. 51:09.650 --> 51:10.951 And this was all based on microscopy. 51:11.291 --> 51:12.292 And he came up with some ideas. 51:13.012 --> 51:16.835 One, he believed that these symbionts, this type of symbiont, was providing nutrients to the host. 51:17.575 --> 51:20.317 He believed that they were ancient, and these hosts had evolved with him a long time. 51:20.837 --> 51:26.481 And he believed that the host was in control, that these were kind of passive things at this point, and that the host was in control of the symbionts. 51:26.901 --> 51:28.202 He sort of argued this. 51:28.402 --> 51:32.905 His work was translated into English in 1965 in a big book that has all of this kind of ideas in it. 51:33.145 --> 51:38.028 These were mostly right, these ideas, but he had a lot of wrong ideas also in that book because obviously he couldn't know 51:38.348 --> 51:40.310 It's nice that I don't have that book. 51:40.471 --> 51:41.952 I'm looking forward to finding it. 51:42.012 --> 51:48.900 So I think this is quite interesting and the idea of who's controlling who is very interesting. 51:50.062 --> 51:52.505 I don't think that's the right way to think of symbiosis. 51:52.565 --> 51:55.829 I think the idea is that there are always trade-offs. 51:57.259 --> 52:00.580 And I think I would credit Thomas Sowell for that idea. 52:00.640 --> 52:04.980 You know, you can think of social and economic problems as always being trade-offs. 52:05.460 --> 52:08.301 And I don't think that's a bad model for biology either. 52:09.661 --> 52:16.102 And symbiosis is a series, a set of mutually beneficial trade-offs, I think. 52:17.202 --> 52:25.624 But, you know, I'm here to explore the ways that these ideas have been expressed before and to try and 52:26.892 --> 52:29.519 and make sure we don't throw anything out that's already useful. 52:29.679 --> 52:30.521 A lot about what was going on. 52:31.772 --> 52:32.673 So what have we learned since then? 52:32.933 --> 52:37.977 So I'll be using this aphid Buchenera, named after Paul Buchner, symbiosis as a kind of central model. 52:37.997 --> 52:39.898 It really probably is the most studied model of this. 52:40.419 --> 52:46.944 And so in 1989, Paul Bellman at UC Davis was the first to characterize an unculturable symbiont using DNA sequencing. 52:46.984 --> 52:52.949 He used PCR, which was relatively new at the time, and then actually cloned and sequenced the 16S ribosomal RNA. 52:53.849 --> 52:58.613 He then gave this bacterium a name, and he noticed that it's close to E. coli. 52:58.633 --> 53:00.675 It's in the same group of gamma proteobacteria. 53:03.036 --> 53:04.896 Luckily, he called me up one day and said, do you want to work on this? 53:04.936 --> 53:12.078 Because I was working on aphids, and I started working with him and dropped the other things I was doing, and ever since then have primarily worked on symbionts. 53:12.118 --> 53:18.000 In 1993, we did some work looking at... So, notice how parallel this is to virology. 53:18.200 --> 53:21.021 It is an unculturable symbiont. 53:21.943 --> 53:28.946 that they then looked at using DNA sequencing, and she said they just sequenced the ribosome, which I know she said it. 53:28.986 --> 53:30.267 I don't know if that's what she means. 53:30.827 --> 53:33.388 Again, think about how much work this is we have to do. 53:34.388 --> 53:36.129 This is me being a biology coach. 53:36.169 --> 53:38.990 I'm trying to show you what I do with my day all the time. 53:39.511 --> 53:45.453 When you open one of these little boxes of goodies, you find a lot of reading. 53:47.034 --> 53:51.296 And right now, just dissecting that little bit of what she said there. 53:53.700 --> 53:55.522 I mean, that's, this is remarkable. 53:55.763 --> 54:01.430 It's remarkable because look, it's the first to characterize an unculturable symbiont. 54:02.191 --> 54:11.482 That is absolutely the same bullshit that they pull with RNA virology, where it's an unculturable virus. 54:13.049 --> 54:29.242 that they have to make a clone of, a pure DNA quantity that they say accurately represents the quantity that they found, the phenomenon that they identified with sequencing in the original unculturable preparation. 54:30.983 --> 54:41.071 Very similar to what a lot of these no-virus people have been focused on for five years, but unfortunately for them, they've been so hyper-focused on it that they never got here. 54:46.701 --> 54:53.904 the phylogenies for these symbionts and comparing those to phylogenies of the host, and it turns out that the host and symbiont phylogeny map onto each other exactly. 54:54.244 --> 55:05.389 So in other words, they've evolved together, and when speciation occurs in the host, you get divergence in the corresponding symbiont, which is what you'd expect if it's strictly maternal, but the timescale is what's impressive, because these are very old groups. 55:05.409 --> 55:10.591 So aphids based on fossils are at least 150 million years back before that common ancestor. 55:10.711 --> 55:13.632 I like what Catherine put in the chat. 55:14.632 --> 55:16.513 I'm just going to see if I can do this really quick. 55:17.593 --> 55:20.275 She says a lot of unculturable, look at that, I can do it. 55:20.756 --> 55:24.259 A lot of unculturable bacteria strains in soil. 55:24.839 --> 55:33.766 I think that's true, but think just, I'm just gonna try and suggest thinking in a different way. 55:34.387 --> 55:44.515 There's lots of genetic evidence that the diversity of bacteria in soil is extreme. 55:45.825 --> 56:05.573 Whether or not that means that there are all these different strains that don't grow, it might just be that you can't grow very many of these things by themselves and get a homogenous signal that you can go, oh yeah, there's all kinds of Toyotas in that dish. 56:06.613 --> 56:08.033 Maybe that's not possible. 56:08.174 --> 56:08.794 Part of this 56:09.864 --> 56:11.465 And I'm just throwing this out there. 56:11.545 --> 56:21.611 Part of this is to try and make sure that we go back far enough in this observation chain to make sure that we're, you know, not already on the wrong road. 56:21.671 --> 56:25.073 Essentially, you know, we're in a maze and we don't know how far back we've got to go. 56:25.113 --> 56:32.537 We don't go back too far that we missed the turn, but we have to go back far enough so that we're not still trapped. 56:33.517 --> 56:34.958 And this is pretty remarkable. 56:34.978 --> 56:35.959 I love this. 56:38.973 --> 56:42.836 And then in 2000, the first symbiont genome was sequenced. 56:42.856 --> 56:46.298 This was early in genome sequencing days, and by Shigenobu et al. 56:46.338 --> 56:48.580 in Japan, and they sequenced Bucnara of P. aphid. 56:49.580 --> 56:53.984 And since that time, there were more than 12,000 papers on Bucnara and aphids alone. 56:54.124 --> 56:58.247 So there's really been a lot of work on this system, but as you'll see, there's still a lot we really don't know. 56:59.327 --> 57:05.652 So the problem I should mention about these symbionts is they can't be cultured in the lab, and that is why we knew so little about them. 57:06.792 --> 57:07.892 So Bucnero, we got a genome. 57:07.972 --> 57:08.613 What was it like? 57:08.733 --> 57:09.713 Well, it turned out to be tiny. 57:09.753 --> 57:13.014 It was 580 encoded proteins, about 600 kilobases. 57:13.435 --> 57:19.217 It looks just, surprisingly at the time at least, it looks just like a reduced E. coli genome, basically a subset of E. coli genes. 57:19.697 --> 57:24.399 There were only two sort of novel orphan genes, and that remains to be the case with many more Bucnero genomes. 57:24.419 --> 57:24.739 Of course. 57:25.339 --> 57:26.480 So many, many gene functions. 57:26.640 --> 57:31.444 Of course, E. coli is the bacteria, one of the bacteria that are in our guts. 57:31.864 --> 57:35.427 And we really need to look at this question with fresh eyes. 57:35.607 --> 57:37.188 Do we understand it? 57:37.848 --> 57:43.252 What those rainbow-colored pictures that Sabine Hazan puts on all of her 57:44.093 --> 57:52.935 all of her talks and pretends that she has a very stupid, complicated explanation for what those colors mean and whether or not those bands are big or small. 57:52.975 --> 57:55.516 And if there's lots of bands, it's better than few bands. 57:56.516 --> 57:59.117 And it's bifidobacteria or whatever she says. 57:59.637 --> 58:10.260 Ladies and gentlemen, it is not by accident that the fake anti-vaccine movement in America has always had someone there to curate the gut narrative. 58:10.440 --> 58:10.960 And now 58:11.536 --> 58:14.838 They have even more people there to curate the gut narrative. 58:15.859 --> 58:39.015 It's because they are still defending the bad biology 101, evolution because DNA, and this whole idea that they can take control of the evolution of the species that goes all the way back to bad, bad old books about it, when they didn't have all this nonsense biological mythology to back up their ideas. 58:42.571 --> 58:44.072 I'm not going to get through this in time. 58:44.112 --> 58:46.013 I can see that already, so I'm just warning you. 58:46.033 --> 58:46.513 We're lost. 58:46.973 --> 59:00.140 Most regulatory genes, most transporters, most DNA repair genes, and also many genes involved in making the cell envelope, peptidoglycan, LPS, and phospholipids, many of those were missing as well. 59:00.720 --> 59:05.383 What was retained, it still retains all the genes for translation, so we're making a ribosome. 59:05.683 --> 59:12.766 tRNA synthetases, DNA polymerase, you know, so replication, transcription, and translation, basic machinery for that is retained. 59:12.966 --> 59:14.507 So, it's still like a cell in many ways. 59:15.127 --> 59:23.090 And then the other thing it retains, kind of impressively given how small these genomes are, are some biosynthetic pathways that are basically what is needed by the host. 59:23.170 --> 59:25.691 So, Buchner had hypothesized they're making nutrients for the host. 59:25.871 --> 59:26.752 That turns out to be true. 59:27.112 --> 59:29.353 And in the case of Buchnera, it's making amino acids. 59:29.873 --> 59:34.718 essential amino acids, so the ones that are essential for animals broadly, including us, but also including insects. 59:35.960 --> 59:38.943 On the right here, so aphids feed on phloem sap. 59:39.343 --> 59:47.612 It's basically a sterile diet that has a lot of sugar in it, and it has free amino acids, but the amino acid profile is very unbalanced from the point of view of animal nutrition. 59:47.632 --> 59:50.756 It's got all these non-essential amino acids, kind of the cheap amino acids, 59:51.497 --> 01:00:03.652 And then the essential amino acids, which tend to have the longer pathways and require more ATP to make them, those are the ones that animals in general have lost, and those are the exact set of pathways that Bupnera has kept, so complementary to what the aphid could do. 01:00:05.177 --> 01:00:18.268 So interestingly, she says that these pathways, metabolic pathways, are often lost by animals and filled in by bacteria, or in this case, I guess, bacteriocytes, right? 01:00:18.368 --> 01:00:23.952 Cells that have obligate symbionts in them that are descended from bacteria. 01:00:23.992 --> 01:00:25.934 This is crazy, ladies and gentlemen. 01:00:25.974 --> 01:00:30.638 This is a silly amount of language to describe the 01:00:32.409 --> 01:00:41.773 a pattern integrity that occurs at the interface of decomposition and composition with a trajectory across time. 01:00:43.093 --> 01:00:43.493 That's it. 01:00:44.674 --> 01:00:48.155 And when you understand it in that way, what does the bacteria do? 01:00:48.215 --> 01:00:53.117 They provide, it's the interface between decomposition and composition. 01:00:55.378 --> 01:01:00.940 You are carrying around a compost heap in your gut and you're not sick. 01:01:03.973 --> 01:01:07.714 You're basically burning, breaking things down. 01:01:07.834 --> 01:01:17.875 Chemical bonds are breaking, but in a very controlled manner so that you don't take them all the way down to useless and extract what is necessary. 01:01:19.956 --> 01:01:30.998 These are not simple processes that involve you eating at Chick-fil-A and your gut absorbing everything good and rejecting everything not, and then what everything is rejected comes out the other end. 01:01:31.498 --> 01:01:33.198 It is a spectacularly 01:01:35.111 --> 01:01:44.917 well-orchestrated metabolic process where a symbiotic relationship between metabolic symbionts occurs. 01:01:46.458 --> 01:01:52.742 And it's not a antagonistic one, where if the bacteria had their way, they would destroy you. 01:01:53.743 --> 01:01:57.425 Or if barriers break down, they're going to destroy you. 01:01:57.485 --> 01:02:00.767 Those are all wrong ways of thinking about it. 01:02:02.990 --> 01:02:04.971 incorrect ways of thinking about it. 01:02:07.373 --> 01:02:22.443 And I think we can start to put together a better way of thinking about it if we start to teach our children that they are indeed pattern integrities, which is something that occurs and sustains a form, but needs to take things in and requires energy to be there. 01:02:23.023 --> 01:02:23.944 And at the heart 01:02:25.552 --> 01:02:34.095 of any pattern integrity is this interface between decomposition and composition that if the balance is not maintained is unhealthy. 01:02:35.156 --> 01:02:40.077 But maintaining that balance is part of optimizing that trajectory across time. 01:02:45.719 --> 01:02:47.280 And that's what it means to be human. 01:02:50.461 --> 01:02:51.662 I think it's really brilliant. 01:02:51.722 --> 01:02:52.983 I think it's really beautiful. 01:02:53.163 --> 01:02:55.124 And then some other work by Paul Bauman's lab. 01:02:55.444 --> 01:02:58.666 We don't have to deny the biology that's out there. 01:02:58.686 --> 01:03:04.210 We have to reclassify the observations and recategorize them and rearrange some books. 01:03:04.770 --> 01:03:13.556 And then there's a lot of books we have to throw away, but most of them have an SP on the back of their spine, and so they're easy to find in libraries. 01:03:13.756 --> 01:03:16.538 Back then, and also a lab in Spain, Andres Moya, 01:03:18.619 --> 01:03:28.531 Bupnera genome also includes some plasmids, and those plasmids are devoted to making extra copies of some of the genes that limit the rate of production of tryptophan and leucine, two of the essential amino acids. 01:03:28.731 --> 01:03:32.175 So it seems like specific adaptations to better produce for the host benefit. 01:03:34.164 --> 01:03:38.008 And so since that time, many, many of these nutrient provisioning symbionts have been found. 01:03:38.468 --> 01:03:43.493 And people have done phylogenetics in our lab and other labs to show that these are ancient in the host. 01:03:43.734 --> 01:03:48.178 And a lot of features, major features in the lifestyles of insects are due to these symbionts. 01:03:48.478 --> 01:03:49.860 So example, if you wonder why. 01:03:50.160 --> 01:03:53.262 I just see a nice question in the chat, and I thought I would address it. 01:03:54.342 --> 01:04:02.667 So if you spray your salad with E. coli and you adjust it, will that increase your E. coli enough to make you sick when we should be sick already with E. coli in us? 01:04:02.687 --> 01:04:04.287 Well, remember where they sit, right? 01:04:04.427 --> 01:04:05.348 It's a compartment. 01:04:05.448 --> 01:04:06.108 It's a place. 01:04:07.649 --> 01:04:08.950 And it's that balance. 01:04:09.010 --> 01:04:11.211 I mean, that's what makes it so magical, right? 01:04:11.331 --> 01:04:13.192 It's how do we do that? 01:04:13.292 --> 01:04:14.313 How is that happening? 01:04:14.373 --> 01:04:16.234 How is that not at the center? 01:04:17.396 --> 01:04:19.938 of what we understand about our biology. 01:04:20.038 --> 01:04:33.427 How is that not central if the bacteriophages of that compost heap are free to move through our body and interact with our system? 01:04:34.928 --> 01:04:42.653 Then it's not just bacteria on the other side of a wall that we're holding back and hoping that they don't get through. 01:04:44.654 --> 01:04:46.456 What happens in payers' patches? 01:04:47.352 --> 01:04:48.293 with those bacteria? 01:04:48.333 --> 01:04:49.754 What happens at M cells? 01:04:50.274 --> 01:04:51.535 What's happening in the gut? 01:04:51.835 --> 01:04:53.416 What happens in rhizophagy? 01:04:53.456 --> 01:05:02.442 What happens in these relationships with insects and bacteria in these different stages of symbiosis, these different levels of 01:05:05.007 --> 01:05:06.169 Can you see it coming already? 01:05:06.229 --> 01:05:07.471 I think it's just gorgeous. 01:05:07.651 --> 01:05:22.449 It's just the most beautiful thing that the pandemic gave to me is this new way of seeing the world, new way of seeing my kids, a new way of motivating my kids, a new way of explaining and seeing the world. 01:05:22.589 --> 01:05:23.691 It's just extraordinary. 01:05:26.132 --> 01:05:27.553 Beetles sometimes are very hard. 01:05:27.573 --> 01:05:28.434 They have that hard cuticle. 01:05:28.654 --> 01:05:33.538 They have a symbiont that makes extra tyrosine, which is a substrate for making melanin, which is what makes beetles hard. 01:05:34.058 --> 01:05:37.161 And then cockroaches, they live on nitrogen-poor diets. 01:05:37.921 --> 01:05:43.045 Their symbiont recycles the cockroach's own nitrogen waste, the uric acid, and then also makes amino acids. 01:05:43.465 --> 01:05:45.147 And then white flies are sort of like aphids. 01:05:45.387 --> 01:05:49.030 They need amino acids because they, essential amino acids, because they feed on phloem sap. 01:05:49.490 --> 01:05:52.492 But in this case, they also make carotenoids for white flies. 01:05:53.653 --> 01:05:55.834 And because I'm at NIH, I want to mention something relevant to health. 01:05:56.214 --> 01:06:05.499 So these kind of symbionts also occur in a lot of insects, important to human health, because insects that feed on blood generally are not getting B vitamins that are required in insect metabolism. 01:06:05.539 --> 01:06:10.082 So bedbugs, they have a special version of Wolbachia that makes B vitamins, these lovely things. 01:06:10.802 --> 01:06:19.907 Body lice have another type of symbiont from the gamma proteobacteria that, again, makes B vitamins, but otherwise has this reduced genome and all these features that are similar to what I described for Bucnera. 01:06:20.367 --> 01:06:25.050 And then tsetse flies have a symbiont called Wigglesworthia, and it also makes B vitamins required for the host. 01:06:25.070 --> 01:06:26.651 So these are all blood-feeding insects. 01:06:28.432 --> 01:06:30.192 So in some groups, it gets really complicated. 01:06:30.232 --> 01:06:33.354 And Buchner had a favorite group, which he called the Fairyland of Symbiosis. 01:06:33.935 --> 01:06:35.996 And it's a group of plant sap-feeding insects. 01:06:36.376 --> 01:06:37.456 And it's the okinorhynchus. 01:06:37.496 --> 01:06:38.457 It's called the clade. 01:06:38.777 --> 01:06:39.337 And they feed. 01:06:39.558 --> 01:06:40.338 There's a huge number. 01:06:40.378 --> 01:06:42.879 There are leafhoppers, cicadas, spittlebugs, all these planthoppers. 01:06:42.899 --> 01:06:45.081 So all of these, you've all seen them a lot. 01:06:45.121 --> 01:06:47.342 And they're major agricultural pests in some cases. 01:06:47.762 --> 01:06:48.783 And there's a lot of species of them. 01:06:49.383 --> 01:06:54.305 Well, it turns out that they can have up to three or four different symbionts in the same insect living in different types of bacteriocytes. 01:06:54.745 --> 01:06:56.026 And very commonly, they have two. 01:06:56.506 --> 01:07:12.692 And it turns out with, you know, lots of work by some of the people in my lab, including John and Gordon shown here, that working out phylogenies and where these bacteria live and looking at, we can see that they colonize a couple of bacteria were in the common ancestor of this whole group, about 260 million years, and then diversified with them, but in some cases, 01:07:13.272 --> 01:07:16.214 As long as we're still talking with the chat, I'm almost done here. 01:07:16.274 --> 01:07:17.235 It's well, it's one 30. 01:07:17.575 --> 01:07:18.736 I can keep going for a while yet. 01:07:19.616 --> 01:07:29.723 Um, if, uh, it's not that there are, it's not that there are strains that are beneficial or not beneficial in my imagination. 01:07:29.943 --> 01:07:38.989 What I think you should be thinking about is the idea that you inherit and you, you develop a, 01:07:40.165 --> 01:07:41.827 compost heap in your gut. 01:07:42.288 --> 01:07:53.062 And that is a consequence of the people that raise you, the people that you're around, the food that you eat, you know, everything, the amount of poop you get in your mouth, the whole thing. 01:07:54.384 --> 01:07:54.544 And 01:07:56.790 --> 01:07:59.472 I don't think it's impossible. 01:07:59.633 --> 01:08:10.041 For example, the thing that's cited in the chat is the E. coli family is large and there are beneficial strains for the human gut and toxin producing strains that kill humans but are benign in cattle. 01:08:10.842 --> 01:08:24.493 I would suggest that we at least imagine the possibility that if you took that strain from the cattle and you exposed a child, a newborn child to that bacteria as part of their breastfeeding, 01:08:25.214 --> 01:08:29.077 that they might develop a gut bacteria closer to that of a cow. 01:08:29.658 --> 01:08:47.353 I could be completely wrong but I want you to think on that as a concept to understand how this symbiosis might have occurred from your day of birth until you were an adult and how that trajectory through time might have been optimized or not optimized. 01:08:48.251 --> 01:08:56.537 Think about how that trajectory across time might've been optimized or not optimized by the intramuscular injection of vaccines, for example. 01:08:57.358 --> 01:09:09.067 That's where I think this, again, I'm trying to edify the biology that I think got us here and sparked this whole re-imagination of Biology 101 in the first place. 01:09:09.107 --> 01:09:16.433 And that is that intramuscular injection of a combination of substances with the intent to augment a healthy human 01:09:17.279 --> 01:09:18.580 is really ridiculous. 01:09:19.940 --> 01:09:40.690 And I think if you understand your child and yourself has a pattern integrity with a trajectory across time, whose trajectory could be optimized by exercise and nutrition and lack of stress and love and friendship, now you're getting closer. 01:09:42.449 --> 01:09:49.171 Because one of them would be lost and replaced by yet a different bacterium that sort of moves into the system and occupies a new cell type, a new type of bacteriocyte. 01:09:49.351 --> 01:09:52.391 There's a bit of turnover, but there's sort of this tapestry of symbionts coming and going. 01:09:52.411 --> 01:09:55.872 So this really would have been a dream of Buchner to work out this kind of history. 01:09:55.892 --> 01:09:58.713 He actually kind of speculated about these kind of events. 01:09:59.653 --> 01:10:09.615 And what we can do that Buchner couldn't, sequencing genomes of these, it turns out that when you look at a pair of these symbionts that are in the same host, they have exactly complementary nutritional capabilities. 01:10:09.675 --> 01:10:12.016 So especially in terms of amino acids, which is the main thing they make. 01:10:12.296 --> 01:10:18.682 Okay, just let me make sure for for six girl in the chat, not arguing with you. 01:10:18.722 --> 01:10:23.506 And I'm certainly not claiming to know what would happen or what has happened or what has been tested. 01:10:24.847 --> 01:10:28.810 If that is the case, then what you may have is a 01:10:30.672 --> 01:10:39.121 a symbiotic specificity that supersedes this idea that I'm thinking of as a more general symbiotic relationship. 01:10:39.181 --> 01:10:45.388 And in that case, all that means is that this is even more important to understanding 01:10:45.988 --> 01:11:01.515 ourselves as a pattern integrity because it's not just, you know, whatever gut bacteria is in there, but it is essential to understand that symbiotic relationship as part of this trajectory across time and trajectory across generations. 01:11:01.555 --> 01:11:02.236 And I like that. 01:11:02.276 --> 01:11:03.076 I'm fine with that. 01:11:03.116 --> 01:11:04.397 I'm totally fine with that. 01:11:05.557 --> 01:11:18.627 In fact, I think it, in a lot of ways, makes the idea of a new Biology 101 in this kind of context of symbiosis at the interface of decomposition and composition a really compelling idea. 01:11:18.667 --> 01:11:19.928 So, thanks for arguing with me. 01:11:19.988 --> 01:11:20.809 I appreciate that. 01:11:25.481 --> 01:11:28.464 So you'll have one making eight of the essential amino acids, the other one making two. 01:11:28.564 --> 01:11:30.586 Or you'll have one making seven, the other one making three. 01:11:30.807 --> 01:11:37.533 And they pair up and basically the redundant pathways that must have been present when they first entered the symbiosis, when they all had all the pathways, get lost. 01:11:37.553 --> 01:11:41.257 And so you pair it down to the host has these pathways, each symbiont has a complementary set. 01:11:41.457 --> 01:11:46.683 Those really fit together very beautifully and really kind of gave you confidence in using genomics to understand what's going on. 01:11:48.240 --> 01:11:52.744 So one thing that's unexpected in all of this that I mentioned briefly is these are tiny genomes. 01:11:53.024 --> 01:11:56.126 In fact, the tiniest known cellular genomes are in these insect symbionts. 01:11:56.346 --> 01:11:58.088 The record is 120 KB. 01:11:58.108 --> 01:11:59.989 I think it's 130 protein coding genes. 01:12:00.250 --> 01:12:04.473 It's the bare minimum for making a ribosome translation 01:12:05.073 --> 01:12:07.854 transcription, replication, and making a few nutrients for the host. 01:12:08.474 --> 01:12:10.215 And so we keep discovering these. 01:12:10.235 --> 01:12:11.155 They evolve over and over. 01:12:11.415 --> 01:12:15.056 This is just showing a graph of genome size and number of protein-coding genes in bacteria. 01:12:15.096 --> 01:12:15.596 It's really nice. 01:12:15.936 --> 01:12:17.257 One KB, one gene on average. 01:12:17.637 --> 01:12:20.438 But the tiny insect symbiont genomes are down here. 01:12:20.638 --> 01:12:21.818 So very, very small. 01:12:22.618 --> 01:12:24.119 Bucnara itself was not at all the smallest. 01:12:24.439 --> 01:12:25.739 Many smaller ones were found later. 01:12:25.779 --> 01:12:27.840 We found a number of those in different insects. 01:12:28.200 --> 01:12:34.064 For a little while, all the smallest genomes of cellular organisms were from Tucson, Arizona, where my lab was, because we'd just go out and find them. 01:12:34.084 --> 01:12:35.064 It was nothing about Tucson. 01:12:35.084 --> 01:12:42.549 They're all over the world, but it was just a matter of discovering them and then figuring out, using the benefit of next-gen sequencing, that these things were out there. 01:12:43.750 --> 01:12:45.091 So, how do these things work? 01:12:45.551 --> 01:12:53.616 Okay, so again, she states that next-generation sequencing is what is allowing this to happen, and next-generation sequencing is a lot of hocus-pocus. 01:12:54.861 --> 01:12:56.281 It's metagenomic sequencing. 01:12:56.321 --> 01:12:58.802 It's a lot of hocus pocus based on assumptions. 01:12:59.962 --> 01:13:08.944 Assumptions about, you know, distinct strains, assumptions about none of those signals being phage signals, assumptions about all kinds of stuff. 01:13:10.444 --> 01:13:17.686 And yet, despite that, at least their model of this 01:13:19.158 --> 01:13:22.219 pattern integrity, this symbiosis is better. 01:13:22.999 --> 01:13:34.582 I guess, you know, one of the things to think about with insects is their genetic diversity and whether or not you can even think of a single insect as an individual upon which evolution can act relative to a human. 01:13:35.143 --> 01:13:39.504 Maybe that's one of the biggest gifts that we've been given as a 01:13:40.584 --> 01:13:50.257 as individuals is that we are able to act on our own future and change and build things that we can leave to our children. 01:13:50.738 --> 01:13:51.919 And insects don't do that. 01:13:51.979 --> 01:13:53.001 Plants don't do that. 01:13:53.641 --> 01:13:56.145 And evolution doesn't have that built into it. 01:13:57.850 --> 01:14:01.652 like we as humans have been given that gift. 01:14:01.772 --> 01:14:22.582 And so think about how important it is that old, the bad biology 101 essentially takes that gift away from you because it says that evolution, because DNA, which means you are just a blip in time, and you are obviously obligated to contribute to the whole, which is the species. 01:14:23.550 --> 01:14:44.850 and the evolution of it and where we go in the future, rather than thinking about, you know, what you can contribute to our understanding of this irreducible complexity and our appreciation for it and, and, and, and make sure that the, the sacred nature of ourselves is passed on to our children as opposed to lost. 01:14:45.690 --> 01:14:49.294 And instead, you know, this bad biology is used to enslave our kids. 01:14:52.020 --> 01:14:53.480 I really am happy with where I'm at. 01:14:53.500 --> 01:14:55.882 I don't know if this video is really helping me anymore. 01:14:55.902 --> 01:14:59.264 The host has evolved a lot to control and support these symbionts. 01:14:59.304 --> 01:14:59.904 We can tell that. 01:15:00.304 --> 01:15:07.968 What we don't know is the real mechanisms and just the experimental limitations of these systems are really great because we can't grow the symbionts separately from the host. 01:15:08.409 --> 01:15:15.292 But using genomics and transcriptomics and things, we've done a lot of work trying to look at what genes are expressed in the bacteriocytes. 01:15:15.653 --> 01:15:18.234 How do those change during the life cycle of the bacteriocytes? 01:15:18.254 --> 01:15:26.440 And so now again, I just want to point out some of the assumptions that she's making because of the Bad Biology 101 frame that this all has to sit in. 01:15:27.120 --> 01:15:40.910 The assumption is that there are genes and that they can sequence those genes and monitor their change, even though sequencing itself is a probabilistic result, even though sequencing itself is a model 01:15:41.963 --> 01:15:47.869 that says that we can read a single molecule by making millions of copies of it. 01:15:48.310 --> 01:15:50.152 And it's a pretty high fidelity process. 01:15:50.192 --> 01:15:56.619 That's a giant assumption that they were already ready to make already 20 years ago and are still making now. 01:15:58.939 --> 01:16:03.621 And it's assumption based on the idea that genes were always there. 01:16:03.681 --> 01:16:05.482 We were always going to find genes. 01:16:05.542 --> 01:16:16.006 And as soon as we found DNA, that meant everything else that we thought about evolution, the whole process, the timeline, the incremental mutations that led to us. 01:16:16.546 --> 01:16:17.847 They all have to be true. 01:16:17.907 --> 01:16:21.188 It's just a matter of whether we're going to find them because we found DNA. 01:16:26.098 --> 01:16:30.902 and of the symbiosis within an individual host lifetime, and how does those work together? 01:16:30.922 --> 01:16:41.169 And I won't go into details, but I'll just mention that there are these very clear coordinated shifts in what genes are being expressed in the symbiont and in the host and the bactericide in which it resides. 01:16:41.530 --> 01:16:48.955 And so we have shifts in metabolism to different states, and it seems to be coordinated and predictable through the life cycle of the aphid. 01:16:48.975 --> 01:16:52.678 So how this happens, what molecules are going back and forth, there's a lot that we don't know about. 01:16:52.978 --> 01:16:55.481 What molecules are going back and forth? 01:16:55.561 --> 01:17:04.012 Gee, I wonder what signaling process is a bacteria or some symbiotic remnant of a bacteria would use to communicate with its host. 01:17:07.694 --> 01:17:28.013 and of course we can end it right here i think that's a perfect place to end i didn't think she would say that that's that's just wonderful we don't know what it is it's just like denny rancor saying you know we have this sustained increase in all-cause mortality but i got no idea where it came from it's just like having a having somebody like nick hudson who's an actuary say the same thing it's just 01:17:28.633 --> 01:17:30.535 It's just absurd, ladies and gentlemen. 01:17:30.575 --> 01:17:33.497 It's absolutely absurd where we are. 01:17:34.158 --> 01:17:35.859 This has been Biology 101. 01:17:36.039 --> 01:17:41.464 I hope that this is going to help people understand a little bit about where this is going. 01:17:41.504 --> 01:17:48.730 Tomorrow we're going to have a little better and a little thicker discussion of this and some of the evidences there. 01:17:48.770 --> 01:17:52.933 So please take a look at those two journal club papers that I attached. 01:17:52.973 --> 01:17:56.376 If you want to see the rest of this video, I wonder if I can do that for you. 01:17:57.699 --> 01:17:59.360 I saw somebody ask that question. 01:17:59.400 --> 01:18:04.384 Let me just bring this over to the other side here and then I'll check that out. 01:18:04.464 --> 01:18:05.485 I think I can do it. 01:18:05.525 --> 01:18:06.826 I think I found it on YouTube. 01:18:06.906 --> 01:18:10.689 So let me just go and see if I got a history that I can follow here. 01:18:10.709 --> 01:18:12.631 Is it going to let me switch? 01:18:12.791 --> 01:18:13.511 Yes, it is. 01:18:16.794 --> 01:18:19.176 And history here. 01:18:19.416 --> 01:18:24.000 And let me search that and see if I can find insects. 01:18:28.812 --> 01:18:58.065 search uh no i'll i'll i'll find it it's a it's i i have it in the folder so maybe i can find the name of the folder hold on one second i'm sorry this is annoying i get it um this is is it here darn it now i'm stalling out killing the end of the show darn thing um 01:19:00.011 --> 01:19:01.395 I don't remember where I stored it. 01:19:02.539 --> 01:19:05.227 Darn, darn, darn, I'm failing miserably here. 01:19:06.651 --> 01:19:07.775 Might be in that folder. 01:19:21.826 --> 01:19:22.506 I can't find it. 01:19:22.967 --> 01:19:23.747 I'll find it later. 01:19:23.847 --> 01:19:24.548 Oh yeah, here it is. 01:19:24.608 --> 01:19:31.151 It's called The World of Insect Bacterial Symbiosis, What We Have and Have Not Learned. 01:19:32.392 --> 01:19:37.035 The World of Insect Bacterial Symbiosis, What We Have and Have Not Learned. 01:19:37.095 --> 01:19:39.576 And it's an NIH discussion. 01:19:39.716 --> 01:19:41.938 I can't remember the name of the YouTube channel. 01:19:42.038 --> 01:19:42.738 Anyway, sorry. 01:19:42.758 --> 01:19:44.179 That's the best you get today. 01:19:44.999 --> 01:19:47.421 What is a pattern integrity with a trajectory across time? 01:19:47.461 --> 01:19:49.182 I want you to start thinking about 01:19:52.074 --> 01:20:00.449 a interface between decomposition and synthesis, which we are now going to call, I think we've decided we're going to call it composition. 01:20:02.633 --> 01:20:04.275 Composition. 01:20:08.136 --> 01:20:25.380 And more importantly, symbiosis and a spectrum of symbiosis, a continuum of symbiosis that goes from ecosystems, you know, all the way to a multicellular organism and understanding that that is a continuum. 01:20:25.440 --> 01:20:31.902 It's not like you're either symbiotic or you're not, or you're a parasite or you're not, or you're, you know, you're in the food chain or you're not. 01:20:32.062 --> 01:20:34.422 All of these things are old biology. 01:20:34.442 --> 01:20:36.223 We're going to start first and foremost 01:20:36.843 --> 01:20:51.344 had thinking about a pattern integrity with a trajectory across time as occurring at the interface between decomposition and composition and what is required for that interface to exist is a complex symbiosis. 01:20:54.639 --> 01:21:01.290 And so if you want to teach your kids this, you can start teaching your kids that they are responsible for optimizing their trajectory through time. 01:21:01.350 --> 01:21:08.641 In fact, a lot of people who are good at that and end up being good at that end up to be pro-whatevers. 01:21:09.977 --> 01:21:11.098 Because that's how it works. 01:21:11.798 --> 01:21:14.960 Skill is an optimization across time. 01:21:16.081 --> 01:21:20.764 Piano playing, basketball, reading, exercise. 01:21:20.984 --> 01:21:26.327 We've got to optimize our trajectory across time and we've got to teach our children to see themselves as that way. 01:21:26.387 --> 01:21:28.849 See their lives as an opportunity of that nature. 01:21:29.329 --> 01:21:31.050 A responsibility to their maker. 01:21:31.450 --> 01:21:35.873 Ladies and gentlemen, if you like this work, please go to GiggleAndBiological.com and find a way to support it. 01:21:35.913 --> 01:21:37.354 We need every little bit we can. 01:21:37.834 --> 01:21:46.548 We do have some big supporters out there that keep kicking it down and making us able to get across the finish line. 01:21:46.588 --> 01:21:51.016 But I don't want to, and I don't think it's right, and I don't think I can. 01:21:52.445 --> 01:22:08.583 Rely on those people forever given how much they give on some months And so please if you can who just find a way ten bucks a month would be fantastic But even just a small one-time donation would be great, but even better if 01:22:09.326 --> 01:22:13.789 What would be really great is an army of people that are just sharing the work. 01:22:14.489 --> 01:22:21.473 And this work will be archived at stream.gigaohm.bio under the Biology 101 channel, which you can find at that home. 01:22:21.933 --> 01:22:25.035 And then we can talk about this stuff at gigaohm.bio as well. 01:22:25.295 --> 01:22:28.017 We're still working on the download thing. 01:22:29.376 --> 01:22:33.277 Is not going to be fixed until the next version of PeerTube, which kind of stinks. 01:22:35.217 --> 01:22:42.359 And so I'm not sure really how to figure that out right now, other than I probably have to cut some clips on my own and give Jeff a break for a little while. 01:22:42.859 --> 01:22:46.220 And hopefully we'll get a pretty quick update and it'll be a small one. 01:22:47.240 --> 01:22:50.741 And I'm sure that we can get that up as soon as that's available. 01:22:51.501 --> 01:22:52.962 Again, thank you very much for being here. 01:22:54.202 --> 01:22:57.063 Really really do appreciate everyone in the chat. 01:22:57.803 --> 01:22:58.643 I am reading them. 01:22:58.723 --> 01:22:59.104 Sometimes. 01:22:59.144 --> 01:23:03.405 I just can't always respond and Let's see. 01:23:03.465 --> 01:23:04.045 What should we? 01:23:05.205 --> 01:23:14.208 What should we play out with I guess this one's alright So, thanks very much guys see you again tomorrow 01:24:59.494 --> 01:25:01.338 Okay, I couldn't find the Pontiac video. 01:25:01.378 --> 01:25:02.440 I promise I look for it. 01:25:02.480 --> 01:25:03.241 I'll find it soon. 01:25:03.261 --> 01:25:04.443 It's just in the wrong folder. 01:25:04.463 --> 01:25:05.746 I think I moved it on the archive. 01:25:05.766 --> 01:25:06.327 Thanks very much. 01:25:06.367 --> 01:25:06.828 See you later.